Level-Based Analysis of the Population-Based Incremental Learning Algorithm

The Population-Based Incremental Learning (PBIL) algorithm uses a convex combination of the current model and the empirical model to construct the next model, which is then sampled to generate offspring. The Univariate Marginal Distribution Algorithm (UMDA) is a special case of the PBIL, where the current model is ignored. Dang and Lehre (GECCO 2015) showed that UMDA can optimise LeadingOnes efficiently. The question still remained open if the PBIL performs equally well. Here, by applying the level-based theorem in addition to Dvoretzky--Kiefer--Wolfowitz inequality, we show that the PBIL optimises function LeadingOnes in expected time $\mathcal{O}(n\lambda \log \lambda + n^2)$ for a population size $\lambda = \Omega(\log n)$, which matches the bound of the UMDA. Finally, we show that the result carries over to BinVal, giving the fist runtime result for the PBIL on the BinVal problem.Comment: To appea

Identification of host genes potentially implicated in the Malus pumila and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ interactions

Two‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ strains (AP and AT), were studied in experimentally infected apple trees to analyze transcriptional profiles during interaction with phytoplasmas. Three groups of sample combinations were employed: healthy - infected, symptomatic - non-symptomatic, and AP-infected - AT-infected sample. The majority of genes were differently expressed between healthy and infected samples. Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of metabolism, cell defence, photosynthesis, transport, transcription, signal transduction and protein synthesis. The possible effect of phytoplasma infection on these processes and their relationships with disease development, symptom appearance and possible plant defence system is discussed. Keywords: Apple, phytoplasmas, ‘Ca. P. mali’, gene expression, transcriptom

Polynomial growth of volume of balls for zero-entropy geodesic systems

The aim of this paper is to state and prove polynomial analogues of the classical Manning inequality relating the topological entropy of a geodesic flow with the growth rate of the volume of balls in the universal covering. To this aim we use two numerical conjugacy invariants, the {\em strong polynomial entropy $h_{pol}$} and the {\em weak polynomial entropy $h_{pol}^*$}. Both are infinite when the topological entropy is positive and they satisfy $h_{pol}^*\leq h_{pol}$. We first prove that the growth rate of the volume of balls is bounded above by means of the strong polynomial entropy and we show that for the flat torus this inequality becomes an equality. We then study the explicit example of the torus of revolution for which we can give an exact asymptotic equivalent of the growth rate of volume of balls, which we relate to the weak polynomial entropy.Comment: 22 page

A linear CO chemistry parameterization in a chemistry-transport model: evaluation and application to data assimilation

This paper presents an evaluation of a new linear parameterization valid for the troposphere and the stratosphere, based on a first order approximation of the carbon monoxide (CO) continuity equation. This linear scheme (hereinafter noted LINCO) has been implemented in the 3-D Chemical Transport Model (CTM) MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmospherique Grande Echelle). First, a one and a half years of LINCO simulation has been compared to output obtained from a detailed chemical scheme output. The mean differences between both schemes are about ±25 ppbv (part per billion by volume) or 15% in the troposphere and ±10 ppbv or 100% in the stratosphere. Second, LINCO has been compared to diverse observations from satellite instruments covering the troposphere (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere: MOPITT) and the stratosphere (Microwave Limb Sounder: MLS) and also from aircraft (Measurements of ozone and water vapour by Airbus in-service aircraft: MOZAIC programme) mostly flying in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). In the troposphere, the LINCO seasonal variations as well as the vertical and horizontal distributions are quite close to MOPITT CO observations. However, a bias of ~−40 ppbv is observed at 700 Pa between LINCO and MOPITT. In the stratosphere, MLS and LINCO present similar large-scale patterns, except over the poles where the CO concentration is underestimated by the model. In the UTLS, LINCO presents small biases less than 2% compared to independent MOZAIC profiles. Third, we assimilated MOPITT CO using a variational 3D-FGAT (First Guess at Appropriate Time) method in conjunction with MOCAGE for a long run of one and a half years. The data assimilation greatly improves the vertical CO distribution in the troposphere from 700 to 350 hPa compared to independent MOZAIC profiles. At 146 hPa, the assimilated CO distribution is also improved compared to MLS observations by reducing the bias up to a factor of 2 in the tropics. This study confirms that the linear scheme is able to simulate reasonably well the CO distribution in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. Therefore, the low computing cost of the linear scheme opens new perspectives to make free runs and CO data assimilation runs at high resolution and over periods of several years

Aubry sets vs Mather sets in two degrees of freedom

We study autonomous Tonelli Lagrangians on closed surfaces. We aim to clarify the relationship between the Aubry set and the Mather set, when the latter consists of periodic orbits which are not fixed points. Our main result says that in that case the Aubry set and the Mather set almost always coincide.Comment: Revised and expanded version. New proof of Lemma 2.3 (formerly Lemma 14

Low-rank multi-parametric covariance identification

We propose a differential geometric construction for families of low-rank covariance matrices, via interpolation on low-rank matrix manifolds. In contrast with standard parametric covariance classes, these families offer significant flexibility for problem-specific tailoring via the choice of "anchor" matrices for the interpolation. Moreover, their low-rank facilitates computational tractability in high dimensions and with limited data. We employ these covariance families for both interpolation and identification, where the latter problem comprises selecting the most representative member of the covariance family given a data set. In this setting, standard procedures such as maximum likelihood estimation are nontrivial because the covariance family is rank-deficient; we resolve this issue by casting the identification problem as distance minimization. We demonstrate the power of these differential geometric families for interpolation and identification in a practical application: wind field covariance approximation for unmanned aerial vehicle navigation